How do MEV (Miner/Maximal Extractable Value) attacks impact DeFi?

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MEV: Opportunity for validators/miners to reorder, front-run, or sandwich transactions for profit.

Consequences:

Increased transaction fees

Potential front-running or slippage in DeFi trades

Mitigation strategies:

Flashbots (transparent MEV extraction)

Fair ordering protocols like PBS (Proposer/Builder Separation)

L2 privacy techniques (zk-proofs, encrypted mempools)