What’s the difference between Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake, and hybrid consensus?

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PoW: Miners solve computational puzzles (Bitcoin). Secure but energy-intensive.

PoS: Validators lock/stake tokens to propose and validate blocks (Ethereum post-Merge). Energy-efficient, potentially faster.

Hybrid: Combines PoW/PoS features to improve decentralization and performance (e.g., Decred).

Advanced nuance: PoS introduces “nothing at stake” and long-range attack risks that L1s mitigate via slashing and checkpointing.